Noun Clause and Conjunctions

♥Noun Clauses♥

See the sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and 

Adverb Clause

A.  Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

What Billy did shocked his friends.

A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

A noun clause can be a subject complement:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

B.   You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake =I know that Billy made a mistake.

To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

I don’t know + Where is George? =I don’t know where George is.

C.   The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:

That,if, whether

Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

D.  Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.

correct:

That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

not correct:

* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

E.  Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:

not correct:

* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

correct:

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

not correct:

* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

correct:

Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

F.   Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:

future if its action/state is later

He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.

He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.

present if its action/state is at the same time

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.

past if its action/state is earlier

He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:

was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later

He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.

He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.

past if its action/state is at the same time

He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

past perfect if its action/state is earlier

He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.

If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.

The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.

We learned that English is not easy.

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

G.  Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:

Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

What Mary said confused her parents.

However you learn to spell is OK with me.

Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

We didn’t know that Billy would jump.

We didn’t know Billy would jump.

Can you tell me if Fred is here?

I don’t know where he is.

George eats whatever is on his plate.

Noun clauses as subject complements:

The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

The truth is Billy was not very smart.

The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.

He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

Noun clauses as adjective complements:

He is happy that he is learning English.

We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23

♥CONJUNCTIONS♥

What is a Conjunction?

You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses, as in the following example:

I ate the pizza and the pasta.

Call the movers when you are ready.

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

You use a co-ordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions.

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a co-ordinating conjunction:

Lilacs and violets are usually purple.

In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns.

This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for the screenplay was written by Mae West.

In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent clauses.

Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on rooftops and swallowing goldfish.

Here the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two participle phrases ("dancing on rooftops" and "swallowing goldfish") which act as adverbs describing the verb "spends."

Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).

The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."

Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:

After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.

The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned to drive."

If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.

Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on time."

Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.

The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."

Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs.

In this sentence, the dependent clause "because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs" is introduced by the subordinating conjunction "because."

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.)

The highlighted words in the following sentences are correlative conjunctions:

Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.

In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to link the two noun phrases that act as the compound subject of the sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father".

Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.

Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a Jello salad" and "a potato scallop."

Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.

Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the two infinitive phrases "to go to medical school" and "to go to law school."

The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the neighbouring pub.

In this example the correlative conjunction "not only ... but also" links the two noun phrases ("the school" and "neighbouring pub") which act as direct objects.

Note: some words which appear as conjunctions can also appear as prepositions or as adverbs.

http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/conjunct.html

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES & DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

 ♥ Adverbial Clause ♥

♥  Pengertian Adverb Clause

Adverb Clause terdiri dari dua kata yaitu “Adverb” and “Clause” adverb adalah : kata keterangan yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat), sedangkan clause adalah : anak kalimat. Jadi adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata sifat dan kata kerja dan berfungsi sebagai adverb. 

 

♥ Rumus umum dan contoh adverb clause

Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet

Tapi bisa saja conjuntion di awal sesuai dengan kalimatnya.
Contoh:
- I met her when + was walking to school.
- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.
- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.

Adverb clause terdiri dari delapan macam yaitu :Adverb clause of time, Adverb clause of place, Adverb clause of number, Adverb clause of manner, adverb clause of reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause of contrast.

 

♥ Jenis-Jenis Adverbial Clause :

•        Clause of Time

Clause of Time adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu.Biasanya dibuat dengan di awali dengan konjungsi(penghubungnya)seperti : After, before, no sooner, while, as.

Contoh:

- While he was walking home, he saw an accident.

- By the time I arrive, Joni will have left.

•    Clause of Place

Clause of place adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) seperti :Where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever.

Contoh:

- They sat down wherever they could find empty seats.

- Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.

•        Clause of Manner

Clause of manner adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.Biasanya dibuat dengan di awali dengan konjungsi(penghubungnya)seperti : as, how, like, in that.

Contoh:

-He did as I told him.

-You may finish it how you like.

-They may beat us again, like they did in 2011.

• Adverb Clause of Reanson

Adverb Clause of Reanson adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebab atau alasan. Biasanya dibuat dengan di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) seperti :As,since,because,whereas,on the ground that.

contoh :
- Is I love you, I can do anything for you (Karena saya mencintaimu, saya bisa melakukan apa saja untukmu).
- Since she has a desire to marry, she discontinued her studing (Karena dia mempunyai rencana untuk menikah, dia tidak melanjutkan sekolahnya).
- I stopped the work because I was tired (Saya berhenti bekerja karena saya capek).
- Whereas I came late, My father punishet me (Karena saya terlambat, ayah saya menghukum saya).
- His teacher punishet him on the grand that, he came late (Gurunya menghukumnya, karena dia datang terlambat).

• Adverb Clause of Result

Adverb Clause of Result adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan hasil perbuatan atau akibat.Biasanya dibuat dengan di awali dengan konjungsi(penghubungnya)seperti :So that, so+adjective+that, so+adverb+that, so.

contoh :
- Nadhavi was so beautiful that I loved her at first sight (Nadhavi sangat cantik sehingga saya menyukainya).
- He studies so hard that many studienst like him (Dia begitu giat belajar sehingga banyak siswa suka padanya).

• Clause of Condition

Clause of condition adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kondisi atau persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) seperti :If, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, unless,whether,provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that).

Contoh:

-If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.

-She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
- If you help me, I shall be happy (Jika kamu menolong saya, saya akan senang).
- Unless you tell her about your love, she won’t know it (Jika kamu tidak mengatakan cintamu kepadanya, dia tidak akan mengetahuinya).
- You must do this wheter, you like it or not (Kamu harus mengetahui ini meskipun kamu menyukainya atau tidak).
- I ean help you provide that you must follow my advice (Saya bisa menolongmu, jika kamu mengikuti nasehat saya).

• Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Adverb Clause of Contrast adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan di awali dengan konjungsi(penghubungnya)seperti :Although, though, Whetever, no matter, however much, not with standing that, eventhough, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time.

Contoh:

- As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.

- He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

-I still no money although I worked hard (Saya masih tak punya uang walaupun saya bekerja keras).
-Eventhough hehates me, he lend me the bock (Walaupun dia membenci saya, dia meminjami saya buku).
-Though he is rice, he never give me the money (Walaupun dia kaya, dia tak pernah memberi saya uang).
-Whetever he has done, he is your father (Apapun yang ia perbuat, dia itu ayahmu).
-No mather what she sald, I still love her (Tak masalah apa yang ia katakan, saya masih tetap mencintainya).
-She will never succed however much he may try (Dia tidak akan berhasil biar bagaimanapun ia mencobanya).
-He was not refreshed not with standing that he had spent 2 weeks leave (Ia tidak segar meskipun is telah mengambil cuti 2 minggu).

Sumber :

http://hamikofebria.blogspot.com/2010/11/adverb-clause.html

http://mulyonoprabowo.wordpress.com/2012/03/

♥ Direct And Indirect Speech ♥ 

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

♥ Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech  :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

• Simple present – menjadi – Simple past

example :

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :

Direct Speech Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Simple past Past continuous Future Present

Indirect Speech Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past Past

Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh  :

·         Direct Speech – Indirect Speech 

example : 

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here = di sini, ke sini hence = dari sini hither = ke tempat ini ago = yang lalu now = sekarang today = hari ini tomorrow = besok yesterday = kemarin last night = tadi malam next week = minggu depan thus = begini contoh : He said, “I will come here”.

Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there = di sana, ke sana thence = dari sana thither = ke tempat itu before = lebih dahulu then = pada waktu itu that day = hari itu next day = hari berikutnya the previous day = sehari sebelumnya the previous night = semalam sebelumnya the following week = minggu berikutnya so = begitu He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb – Reported speech

Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

example :

• Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

•    Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

•    Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

• Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.

example :

Direct He said to me, “Where are you going?” He said to me, “What are you doing?”

Indirect He asked me where I was going He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :

example :

Direct He said to me, “Are you going away today?” He asked me , “can you come along?”

Indirect He asked me whether I was going away that day. He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

• command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.

• precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.

• request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

• entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).

• prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

a)Command

example :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept

example :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request

example :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty

example :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition

example :

• Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

•    Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)

Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say

atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,

pray dsb.

a)Exclamatory sentences

example :

Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.

b)Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)

example :

Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “

Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son

source :

http://grammar.web.id/penjelasan-tentang-reported-speech.html